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Negative cognitive bias is closely linked with the production and development of anxiety disorder.Recently, cognitive bias modification (CBM) has been developed to correct negative cognitive bias in anxiety.By retrieving literature researches, this paper analyzed the progress of cognitive bias modification intervention.Seventy-one literatures published in the last decade and with key words of cognitive bias and anxiety were included.Attentional bias modification and interpretation bias modification are the most useful treatment which could improve negative cognitive bias, however the controversial remains about the training effect of CBM on anxiety symptoms.Researchers have found positive results when cognitive bias modification and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) are combined to treat anxiety disorder.Researches on the brain mechanism of cognitive bias modification provide the neurophysiological basis for the occurrence of the intervention. Cognitive bias modification help to improve negative cognitive bias in anxiety.Combination of CBM and CBT is an effective method of anxiety treatment.
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Objective To study the influence of exposure factors on posttraumatic stress disorder( PTSD) and Posttraumatic Growth( PTG) in middle school students in disaster area four years after the Wenchuan earth?quake . Methods 1 526 students from four schools in Worst?Hit Areas were investigated with Self?compiled Earth?quake Exposure Factors Questionnaire,Posttraumatic Growth Inventory( C?PTGI) and Impact of Event Scale( IES?R). Data were analyzed by ANOVA and multiple linear regression analysis.Results The score of IES?R had sig?nificant difference between different levels of all exposure factors(F=5.75~89.10, P<0.05) ,and students with high exposure level((26.68±14.66),(26.80±15.56),(27.83±14.62),(29.02±15.36),(27.77±15.74),(26.74± 15.63),(25.43±14.32),(29.51±14.36)) had heavier symptoms of PTSD than those with low exposure level ((22.84±13.96),(23.98±13.99),(23.63±14.21),(23.53±13.96),(23.64±13.83),(24.24±14.15),(21.27± 14.35),(17.54±13.34)). Only exposure factors of having witnessed someone injured and having close friends se?riously injured or being killed could significantly influence the score of PTGI(F=11.82, P=0.001;F=6.23, P=0.013). Regression analysis showed that five exposure factors (grade,having felt scared,having family members being killed,having close friends seriously injured or being killed,having witnessed someone injured) had signifi?cant effect on IES(ΔR 2=0.141) ,but only one factor( having witnessed someone injured) had weak effect on PTG (ΔR 2=0.007).Conclusion Exposure factors can predict posttraumatic stress symptoms in middle school students in Wenchuan four years after the earthquake,and the emotion of fear is a strongest predictor,but they can not pre?dict posttraumatic growth.
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Objective To study the effect of autonomic nerve activity on emotion experience.Methods 71 healthy males were asked to see a neutral film STICK and conduct a computer game,then evaluated emotion experience.All participants were recorded skip temperature,skin conduction,heart rate,LF and HF during baseline and game periods.Results (1) There was significant difference in fear experience among high,middle and low synchronous groups (2.64 ± 2.05,2.50 ± 2.01,4.46 ± 2.41; P＜ 0.01),and low synchronous group was significantly higher than high synchronous group (P ＜ 0.01).The main effects of three periods were significant in basis of three response types of autonomic nerve activity(skin conduction:F(2.68) =76.083,P＜0.01; heart rate:F(2.68) =71.692,P ＜ 0.01),and skip temperature,skin conduction and heart rate were no significant difference among three response types.Types and periods had no significant interaction.(2) Different response modes of autonomic nervous system has different distributions in high fear and low fear groups (x2 =9.763,P ＜ 0.01).Skip temperature,skin conduction and heart rate were no significant difference between high fear group and low fear group.Conclusion The modes of autonomic nervous system have an effect on intensity of fear experience,but not the same in skip temperature,skin conduction and heart rate.
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A novel method for the determination of glucose was reported. Based on a reverse photoinduced electron transfer process, we can quickly determine the concentration of glucose in the sample. A fluorescent boronic acid, dapoxylTM 3-sulfonamidophenylboronic acid was first used for the determination of glucose. This linear range is 0～1×10－2 mol/L, the detection limit is 5×10－5 mol/L. This method has been applied to direct determination of glucosein in three kinds of serum samples with satisfactory results, the RSD is less than 4%.
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Objective: To explore how the Chinese- English Bilinguals represent knowledge of the second language. Methods: The inter- language priming effects were investigated in two priming- category judgement tasks based individual- ly on the semantic (ExperimentⅠand ExperimentⅡ) and phonological information (ExperimentⅢ and ExperimentⅣ). Re- sults: In experimentⅠand ExperimentⅡ, no matter what the relation between the English targets and the English primes was semantic association or homophones and similar phones, the significant priming effects were obtained; However, In the experimentⅢ, when the relation between the targets and the primes was semantic association, no significant priming effect was found; In experimentⅣ, when the relation was homophones and similar phones, the significant priming effects were obtained. Conclusion: ①The second language knowledge of Chinese- English Bilinguals was represented in the semantic and phonological characters; ②The conceptual representation could be discreted with the lexical representation.
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Objective:This research mainly concerns the relationship between the behavior preference in network game and the trait of personality of players.Methods:This study surveyed 294 players by Behavior Preference in Network Game Questionnaire(BPNGQ) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ).Results:All scores in factors of BPNGQ ex-cluding emotion of agression had significant correlations with all dimensions of EPQ.In all traits of personality,there was significant differences between types of killer and relaxing,and no significant difference between catharsis and relaxing.Sanguineous players had lower scores in putting in energy and emotion of devotion.Bilious players had higher scores in behavior of aggression,and players of viscous had higher scores in attitude of aggression.Conclusion:Theory of behavior preference in network game has evidence of personality.Players of different personality traits display various preference in network game.
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Objective: The Behavior Preference for Network Game Questionnaire (BPNGQ) was developed. The aim of this study was to provide a measurement for cyberpsychology. Methods: Through interview to players, we formed the pretest of BPNGQ. Then 422 players did the pretest, and 324 players did Internet Addiction Inventory (IAI) at the same time. Results: The item difficulties of all items ranged from 0.2 to 0.7. The discriminations of 70.18% items were good. Factor analyses divided scales into five factors, which were energy of devotion, emotion of devotion, behavior of aggression, emotion of aggression and attitude of aggression. The reliabilities of the subscales and full scale ranged from 0.70 to 0.92. The scores of subscales were significantly positively related with Internet addiction. Conclusion: BPNGQ’s difficulty is appropriate, and it has good discrimination, reliability and validity.
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Objective:To quantitively assess the mental status of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) for correct diagnosis of those have serious mental crisis,providing scientific basis for the psychological intervention. Methods:The mental status in 46 SARS patients were analyzed with the Mental Status Scale in Non psychiatric Settings(MSSNS, by Department of Psychology, Second Military Medical University )and compared with that of the common pneumonia patients and the norm of common inpatients. Results:The scores of SARS patients and those of the other pneumonia patients and the norm of common inpatients had no significant difference. The psychological reactions of SARS patients were related significantly with the patient's age, marital status, occupation and the duration of fever. Conclusion:The psychological reactions of SARS patients were accordant with those of the common patients. The results indicated that the patient's personality, such as the emotional stability, was the essential impact factor on the patient's mental status. The level of negative emotional reactions in SARS patients are influenced by whether the patients are young, single, lack of medical knowledge and fever duration. So the effective psychological intervention to the SARS patients should be based on the scientific assessment and influencing factors analysis.
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Objective:To develop a mental status scale in non psychiatric settings (MSSNS) and to test its reliability and validity.Methods:Based on the common negative emotions in non psychiatric settings confirmed by nursing specialists and international scales, the MSSNS was constructed with psychological testing and statistical techniques. The reliability and validity were examined with 1 010 patients in non psychiatric settings.Results: The MSSNS consisted of 38 items. The reliability coefficients were 0.932 9 for internal consistence(Cronbach ?) and 0.894 0 for split half. Using the principle component analysis with varimax rotation, we got 4 factors: anxiety, depression, anger and loneliness. The correlation between MSSNS and related factors of HAD were 0.652 and 0.533 respectively. Conclusion: With its good reliability and validity, MSSNS is an ideal rating scale for total and convenient rating of patients' mental status in non psychiatric settings.
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Objective To investigate the attentional bias for emotionally faces in subjects with low-trait anxiety when they are under normal or induce-fear emotion.Methods Trait anxiety inquiry(T-AI) were used to evaluate the mental health status of 480 freshman in a university,and 450 valid questionnaires were obtained.Among them,90 students were identified as low trait anxiety.Sixty students from them were randomized into 2 group(n=30) to receive a dot-probe task with emotional face as stimulus.They were asked to judge the target.The attentional bias under normal or fear-induced emotion to the emotionally faces was examined.Results Low trait anxious college students showed attentional avoidance to the negative faces when they were under normal emotion [D=(-11.09?25.40),t=-2.391,P=0.024],and the orientation was significant [OI=(-20.28?22.90),t=-4.850,P0.05].Conclusion Low trait anxious college students have attentional avoidance to negative faces because of orientation,but the avoidance will disappear when they are under fear emotion.